The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form
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Citation: Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063. PMID or DOI: DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 Main positive psychological well-being construct measured: Positive affect Sub-constructs
measured: N/A Available subscales: Positive and negative affect Description: The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a self-report measure that is made up of two mood scales, one measuring positive affect and the other measuring negative affect. Number of items: 10-items measuring positive affect, 10-items measuring negative affect Example of statement/item measuring positive affect: “Indicate to
what extent you feel enthusiastic at the present moment or within the past week” Example of statement/item measuring negative affect: “Indicate to what extent you feel distressed at the present moment or within the past week” Response options: 5-point Likert Scale ranging from 1 “very slightly or not at all” to 5 “extremely”. Total score: Positive affect score: items are summed, yielding a range from 10 to 50. Higher
score indicates greater levels of positive affect. Other forms available (and related citation): Examples of studies: Back to all scales DescriptionThe Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS X) is a 60-item scale used to measure the respondent’s emotions during the past few weeks. Specific InstructionsThe Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS X) scale and scoring are available on the University of Iowa’s Department of Psychology website. The scale is copyrighted by Dr. David Watson and Dr. Lee Anna Clark. Permission to reproduce the instrument is granted for noncommercial applications only; any commercial use would require the express written permission of the copyright holders. Dr. Watson and Dr. Clark are professors in the Department of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame. ProtocolThe PANAS-X scale includes 60 items that are grouped into the following four subgroups and subscales: general dimension scales (negative affect, positive affect), basic negative emotion scales (fear, hostility, guilt, sadness), basic positive emotion scales (joviality, self-assurance, attentiveness), and other affective states (shyness, fatigue, serenity, surprise). The respondent is asked to read several words and phrases which describe feelings and emotions and enter a number that corresponds to the value on a scale. The 5-item scale ranges from "very slightly or not at all," with a value of 1, to "extremely," with a value of 5. AvailabilityAvailable Personnel and Training RequiredNone Equipment NeedsNone Requirements
Mode of AdministrationSelf-administered questionnaire LifestageAdult ParticipantsAges 18 years and older Selection RationaleThe Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X) are well-known and commonly used psychometric measures. Internal consistency is high for both the positive and negative scales (Cronbach’s alpha is between 0.83 and 0.90). LanguageEnglish Standards
Derived VariablesNone Process and ReviewExpert Review Panel 4 (ERP 4) reviewed the measures in the Neurology, Psychiatric, and Psychosocial domains. Guidance from ERP 4 included the following: · No changes Protocol Name from SourceThe Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X) SourceWatson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa. http://www2.psychology.uiowa.edu/Faculty/Clark/PANAS-X.pdf General ReferencesWatson, D., & Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 839-848. Protocol ID180501 VariablesExport Variables
Psychosocial Measure NameEmotional State Release DateDecember 13, 2010 DefinitionThis measure assesses positive and negative aspects of a person’s mood. PurposeThe Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) measures the two broadest dimensions of emotional state (positive and negative affect). PANAS also includes subscales used to measure more specific emotions within these broad groupings. Positive affect and negative affect have been associated with mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. KeywordsMood, feelings, emotions, anxiety, depression, stress, proprietary Measure Protocols
What does the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS measure?The PANAS measures both positive and negative emotions for clients from week-to-week as they engage in everyday life. (Magyar-Moe, 2009). It can also be used as a tool for charting the immediate effects of therapy as well as any outcomes associated with positive psychological exercises, interventions or activities.
What is the PANAS X Scale?The PANAS-X measures both Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as well as 11 primary affects labeled: Fear, Sadness, Guilt, Hostility, Shyness, Fatigue, Surprise, Joviality, Self-Assurance, Attentiveness, and Serenity.
How is PANAS calculated?The total score is calculated by finding the sum of the 10 positive items, and then the 10 negative items. Scores range from 10 – 50 for both sets of items. For the total positive score, a higher score indicates more of a positive affect. For the total negative score, a lower score indicates less of a negative affect.
What does the positive and negative affect scale measure?The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) is one of the most widely used scales to measure mood or emotion. This brief scale is comprised of 20 items, with 10 items measuring positive affect (e.g., excited, inspired) and 10 items measuring negative affect (e.g., upset, afraid).
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