The data collected through the following methods are used for surveillance except:
|
(go to Outline) Show Passive surveillance Passive surveillance often gathers disease data from all potential reporting health care workers. Health authorities do not stimulate reporting by reminding health care workers to report disease nor providing feedback to individual health workers. Passive surveillance is the most common type of surveillance in humanitarian emergencies. Most surveillance for communicable diseases is passive. The surveillance coordinator may provide training to health workers in how to complete the surveillance forms, and may even send someone to periodically collect forms from health facilities. But little attention is given to individual health workers who report the information. The data requested of each health worker is minimal. Nonetheless, passive surveillance is often incomplete because there are few incentives for health workers to report. This figure is an example of data gathered by passive surveillance from the hospitals run by one organization:  It is clear that the number of cases declined between July 2000 and February 2001. Active surveillance An active surveillance system provides stimulus to health care workers in the form of individual feedback or other incentives. Often reporting frequency by individual health workers is monitored; health workers who consistently fail to report or complete the forms incorrectly are provided specific feedback to improve their performance. There may also be incentives provided for complete reporting. Active surveillance requires substantially more time and resources and is therefore less commonly used in emergencies. But it is often more complete than passive surveillance. It is often used if an outbreak has begun or is suspected to keep close track of the number of cases. Community health workers may be asked to do active case finding in the community in order to detect those patients who may not come to health facilities for treatment. Sentinel surveillance Instead of attempting to gather surveillance data from all health care workers, a sentinel surveillance system selects, either randomly or intentionally, a small group of health workers from whom to gather data. These health workers then receive greater attention from health authorities than would be possible with universal surveillance. Sentinel surveillance also requires more time and resources, but can often produce more detailed data on cases of illness because the health care workers have agreed to participate and may receive incentives. It may be the best type of surveillance if more intensive investigation of each case is necessary to collect the necessary data. For example, sentinel influenza surveillance in the United States collects nasopharyngeal swabs from each patient at selected sites to identify the type of influenza virus. Collection of such data from all health workers would not be possible. This figure is an example of data gathered by sentinel sites in Afghanistan:
From this figure, we can see that measles cases were distributed throughout Afghanistan in 2001.
Surveillance in emergencies Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. Disease surveillance data:
Humanitarian emergencies increase the risk of transmission of infectious diseases and other health conditions such as severe malnutrition. An effective disease surveillance system is essential to detecting disease outbreaks quickly before they spread, cost lives and become difficult to control. Effective surveillance can improve disease outbreak detection in emergency settings, such as in countries in conflict or following a natural disaster.
Surveillance System of Attacks on Healthcare (SSA)The SSA is a global standardized and systemic approach to collecting data of attacks on health care. This system utilizes the same methodology across countries to address the knowledge gap of the extent and nature of attacks on health care. WHO Country Offices work closely with partners to ensure there is a wide and inclusive range of reporting contributors. The SSA will allow for the production of regular reports with consolidated data, identify global and context-specific trends and patterns of violence and allow comparisons between regions and contexts. To view the SSA please visit http://ssa.who.int What are the four types of surveillance systems?Different surveillance methods. Electronic surveillance – Electronic surveillance equipment is often the most used tool during an investigation. ... . Interviews – Interviews are far less common, but they can serve a purpose in certain investigations. ... . Observation – You can gather a lot of information just by observing someone.. Which method is not commonly used to provide data for surveillance?Data from randomized clinical trials typically cover only a specially selected population and are used to answer specific questions about the effectiveness of a particular treatment. They are not useful for surveillance.
What are the four elements of surveillance?The Components of Surveillance. Capture and collation of data.. Analysis and interpretation of data (to generate information). Dissemination of information.. What is surveillance methods?This can include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment, such as closed-circuit television (CCTV), or interception of electronically transmitted information like Internet traffic. It can also include simple technical methods, such as human intelligence gathering and postal interception.
|
