Top dow and bottom up interactive model lesson plan năm 2024

A colleague of mine recently asked me to explain the difference between bottom-up and top-down reading strategies. I feel a need to add the interactive approach to reading to these descriptions, as well.

Essentially, bottom-up, top-down, and interactive approaches to reading are the theoretical models used to describe how print is processed. Each are described below.

Bottom-up strategies (or bottom-up processing): Bottom-up strategies incorporate the lower-level reading processes that teach students to construct meaning from the most basic units of language, including letters, letter clusters, and words. Students make meaning of a text by building on a foundation of analyzing the smallest units of meaning.

Bottom-up reading strategies begin with letter-sound correspondences (the bottom) to achieve comprehension (the top). Bottom-up processing begins with letters and sounds, building to morpheme and word recognition, and then gradually moving to grammatical structure identification, sentences, and longer texts. A phonics approach to teaching reading supports bottom-up processes. Phonics is a method to facilitate students' access to text to ultimately lead to comprehension.

Top-down strategies (or processing): Top-down strategies instruction focuses on activities that construct meaning rather than on mastering bottom-up skills. Students generate meaning by employing background knowledge, making predictions, and searching the text to to confirm or reject the predictions that are made.

According to supporters of this approach, comprehension resides in the reader. The reader uses background knowledge, expectations, assumptions, and questions and engages in pre-reading strategies, such as previewing the text, predicting, and activating background knowledge.

Interactive approach:The interactive approach is considered the most comprehensive description of the reading process. The best readers use an interactive reading approach. An interactive approach to reading combines elements of both bottom-up and top-down reading processes simultaneously. For example, a reader may begin reading a text using top-down strategies to comprehend the text, and then shift to bottom-up strategies when he or she encounters an unfamiliar word. The reader then uses bottom-up strategies to decode the new word before moving on.

Another way to illustrate the interactive approach to reading is as follows: Recognition of letters (bottom-up processes) leads to recognition of words, which leads to comprehension (bottom to top). Conversely, context, inferences, and world knowledge (top-down processes) can influence lower-level processing strategies, affecting readers' expectations about words and meanings and thus helping readers recognize words faster (top to bottom).


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Three Reading Models

• 1. C. Andres Jeannel Soco EFR3-4
• 2. what the reader brings to the text • Says reading is driven by meaning • Proceeds from whole to part
• 3. researchers 1. Frank Smith – Reading is not decoding written language to spoken language 2. reading is a matter of bringing meaning to print
• 4. Readers can comprehend a selection even though they do not recognize each word. 2. Readers should use meaning and grammatical cues to identify unrecognized words. 3. Reading for meaning is the primary objective of reading, rather than mastery of letters, letters/sound
• 5. the use of meaning activities than the mastery of series of word- recognition skills. 5. The primary focus of instruction should be the reading of sentences, paragraphs, and whole selections 6. The most important aspect about reading is the amount and kind of information gained through reading. FEATURES OF TOP-DOWN APPROACH
• 6. a single direction • Emphasizes the written or printed texts • Part to whole model • Reading is driven by a process that results in meaning
• 7. BOTTOM UP 1. Flesch 1955 2. Gough 1985
• 8. the reader needs to: 1. Identify letter features 2. Link these features to recognize letters 3. Combine letter to recognize spelling patterns 4. Link spelling patterns to recognize words 5. Proceed to sentence, paragraph, and text- level processing
• 9. recognizes the interaction of bottom- up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process. • Reading as an active process that depends on reader characteristics, the text, and the reading situation (Rumelhart, 1985) • Attempts to combine the valid insights of bottom-up and top-down models.
• 10. READING MODEL 1. Rumelhart, D. 1985 2. Barr, Sadow, and Blachowicz 1990 3. Ruddell and Speaker 1985

Editor's Notes

1. In the classroom Learners can be encouraged to use both bottom-up and top-down strategies to help them understand a text. For example in a reading comprehension learners use their knowledge of the genre to predict what will be in the text (top down), and their understanding of affixation to guess meaning (bottom up).
2. In the classroom Learners can be encouraged to use both bottom-up and top-down strategies to help them understand a text. For example in a reading comprehension learners use their knowledge of the genre to predict what will be in the text (top-down), and their understanding of affixation to guess meaning (bottom-up).

What is top down and bottom

When you plan your lessons, you might consider using bottom up strategies, which teach the smallest details of a topic before having students learn the bigger picture. Or you might consider using top down strategies, which teach the concept before the details of a topic.nullBottom Up & Top Down Teaching Strategies - Study.comstudy.com › academy › lesson › bottom-up-top-down-teaching-strategiesnull

What is top down bottom

One such influential model of reading is the interactive model, which views reading as an interaction between bottom-up (word recognition) and top-down (comprehension) processes. This perspective highlights the importance of both word recognition skills and the reader's previous knowledge in shaping comprehension.nullTheories of Reading - Structural Learningwww.structural-learning.com › post › theories-of-readingnull

What is top down and bottom up approach in classroom?

well, top-down approach emphasizes on students' previous knowledge of the topic, which can help them predict the context and better understand it. However, bottom-up can help the students who are not familiar with the topic, thus they need to rely on the linguistic elements while listening.nullTopic - Top-Down and Bottom-Up - Gallery Teachersgalleryteachers.com › forums › topic › topic-top-down-and-bottom-upnull

What is an example of top down and bottom up approach in reading?

Learners can be encouraged to use both bottom-up and top-down strategies to help them understand a text. For example in a reading comprehension learners use their knowledge of the genre to predict what will be in the text (top down), and their understanding of affixation to guess meaning (bottom up).nullTop down | TeachingEnglish | British Councilwww.teachingenglish.org.uk › teachers › knowing-subject › top-downnull