Psychology Methods in Psychology Observation: Discovering What People Do
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VibrantGreen
Apr 22, 2018
No.
Explanation:
- An experiment is a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors [independent variables] to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process [the dependent variable].
- A case study is an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
- Clinical research often takes the form of case studies to research clinical disorders.
- Descriptive methods, like case studies and surveys, are used to describe behaviors.
- Experimental methods manipulate variables to discover their effects.
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Experiment: A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors [independent variables] to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process [the dependent variable]. Experiments use random assignment of participants to control other relevant factors. pic.twitter.com/qDXDlynrBK
— AP Psychology Review [@Psych_Review] September 17, 2020*At the conclusion of an experiment, the mean scores the experimental and control groups receive on the DEPENDENT VARIABLE are COMPARED to determine if a statistically significant difference exists.
Internal Validity: The extent to which one can be confident that the manipulation of the IV caused the changes in the DV. Internal validity can be assured only if all potential confounding variables have been controlled.
Control Techniques used to control confounding variables. Random Assignment: Controls pre-existing subject variables.
Control Group: Controls history, maturation, and testing effects.
Placebo: An inert substance given to the control group in place of an actual medication. It controls the Placebo Effect.
Placebo Effect: Experimental results caused by the subjects' expectations alone.
Double-Blind Design: An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant [blind] about whether subjects are in the control or experimental groups [commonly used in drug-evaluation studies]. This type of design controls subject and experimenter effects.
Subject Effects or Biases: Any response by subjects in a study that does not represent how they would normally behave if not under study. Two powerful subject effects are the placebo effect and the demand characteristics of the study.
Demand Characteristics: Aspects of the study that suggest to the subjects what type of behavior is expected or desired by the researchers.
Experimenter Effects or Biases: Any behavior of a researcher that might affect the behavior of the subjects or affect the measurement and recording of the dependent variable.
The Quasi-experimental Design: Designs similar to true experiments, but without all of the control techniques built in [e.g., random assignment may not be used].
See HANDOUTS for more information on research methods.
Ethics: The APA has strict guidelines which must be followed when using both human and animal subjects. See HANDOUT