11.According to Erikson's theory,A. people who successfully resolve the final crisis will not experience despair.B. people who successfully resolve the final crisis can overcome despair.C. despair is a sign of mental illness.D. despair leads to a loss of ego strength.
12.The ability to adapt thinking and behavior to reduce or relieve stress that arises from harmful, threatening,and challenging conditions is referred to as
13.In the Vaillant Study, an important factor in predicting the best psychosocial adjustment in old ageincluded all of the following EXCEPT
14.The process of adapting to harmful, threatening, or challenging conditions is referred to as
15.David has had trouble getting into his apartment building because the steps are too steep. He makesseveral complaints to the owner of the building until finally the owner installs a ramp, making entryeasier. Which style of coping did David employ?A. CongruenceB. Emotion-focusedC. PalliativeD. Problem-focused
16.Delores wishes she could see her grandchildren more often, but they live on the other side of the country.To help herself feel better, Delores volunteers at a daycare center so she can be around small children.Which style of coping is Delores using?
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Statistics for Business & Economics
Anderson
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17.Which of the following is TRUE about the use of emotion-focused coping in adulthood?
18.According to the text, who would likely have the most flexible coping strategy?
19.In a recent study of ways in which older people cope with stressful events, the three most frequentlyreported coping strategies included all of the following EXCEPTA. keeping busy.B. accepting situations that cannot be changed.C. outward expressions of anger and frustration.D. religious faith.
20.All of the following are examples of what Pauline Boss calls anambiguouslossEXCEPT
How do people cope with old age? According to Erikson, the last psychosocial stage is Integrity vs. Despair. This stage includes, “a retrospective accounting of one’s life to date; how much one embraces life as having been well lived, as opposed to regretting missed opportunities,” [Erikson, 1982, p. 112]. Those in late adulthood need to achieve both the acceptance of their life and the inevitability of their death [Barker, 2016]. This stage includes finding meaning in one’s life and accepting one’s accomplishments, but also acknowledging what in life has not gone as hoped. It is also feeling a sense of contentment and accepting others’ deficiencies, including those of their parents. This acceptance will lead to integrity, but if elders are unable to achieve this acceptance, they may experience despair. Bitterness and resentments in relationships and life events can lead one to despair at the end of life. According to Erikson [1982], successful completion of this stage leads to wisdom in late life.
Erikson’s theory was the first to propose a lifespan approach to development, and it has encouraged the belief that older adults still have developmental needs. Prior to Erikson’s theory, older adulthood was seen as a time of social and leisure restrictions and a focus primarily on physical needs [Barker, 2016]. The current focus on aging well by keeping healthy and active, helps to promote integrity. There are many avenues for those in late adulthood to remain vital members of society, and they will be explored next.
Staying Active: Many older adults want to remain active and work toward replacing opportunities lost with new ones. Those who prefer to keep themselves busy demonstrate the Activity Theory, which states that greater satisfaction with one’s life occurs with those who remain active [Lemon, Bengston, & Peterson, 1972]. Not surprisingly, more positive views on aging and greater health are noted with those who keep active than those who isolate themselves and disengage with others. Community, faith-based, and volunteer organizations can all provide those in late adulthood with opportunities to remain active and maintain social networks. Erikson’s concept of generativity applies to many older adults, just as it did in midlife.