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Essential Oils and Their Major Components: An Updated Review on Antimicrobial Activities, Mechanism of Action and Their Potential Application in the Food Industry
Manasweeta Angane et al. Foods. 2022.
Free PMC article
Abstract
A novel alternative to synthetic preservatives is the use of natural products such as essential oil [EO] as a natural food-grade preservative. EOs are Generally Recognized as Safe [GRAS], so they could be considered an alternative way to increase the shelf-life of highly perishable food products by impeding the proliferation of food-borne pathogens. The mounting interest within the food industry and consumer preference for "natural" and "safe" products means that scientific evidence on plant-derived essential oils [EOs] needs to be examined in-depth, including the underlying mechanisms of action. Understanding the mechanism of action that individual components of EO exert on the cell is imperative to design strategies to eradicate food-borne pathogens. Results from published works showed that most EOs are more active against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria due to the difference in the cell wall structure. In addition, the application of EOs at a commercial scale has been minimal, as their flavour and odour could be imparted to food. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the research carried out on EOs, emphasizing the antibacterial activity of fruit peel EOs, and the antibacterial mechanism of action of the individual components of EOs. A brief outline of recent contributions of EOs in the food matrix is highlighted. The findings from the literature have been encouraging, and further research is recommended to develop strategies for the application of EO at an industrial scale.
Keywords: antibacterial; antimicrobial; essential oil; mechanism of action; peel; preservation.
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Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Figures
Chemical composition of essential oils [EOs].
Chemical composition of essential oils [EOs].
Schematic representation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell wall.
Antibacterial mechanism of essential oils [EOs].
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Are essential oils safe to use in cooking?
Essential oils are the concentrated essences of the natural oils found in plants. When processed in a particular way, they are safe to use in cooking, much like you may use vanilla or almond extract. You can find a wealth of essential oils online, but some pharmacies also stock food-grade oils.
How do you cook with essential oils?
Another thing to remember when cooking with essential oils is that they should be diluted into a lipid such as olive or coconut oil first. This is not only for safety, but it helps ensure the oil [and flavor!] gets dispersed throughout the whole dish. For sweet recipes, a syrup such as agave or simple syrup works well too. Add After Cooking.
Are all cooking oils the same?
No matter your diet, you likely cook with some amount of oil: It’s often an essential ingredient in preparing vegetables, meats, eggs, sauces, and more, providing texture, lubrication, and taste, too. But not all cooking oils are created equal when it comes to nourishment.
Can essential oils be added to food?
Quick Tip: It’s very potent, so dip a toothpick into the bottle, then add to food! Keep in mind that essential oils should only be added to recipes containing some fat. Because they are an oil and oils only mix with other oils [fats], this guarantees that they will be diluted throughout the dish.
Is it safe to use essential oils in cooking?
With proper use and dilution cooking with essential oils can be safe and fun and add it can also add incredible dimension to your recipes. They can be a natural way to flavor your food.
What essential oils are good for cooking?
If you're looking for ideas on which essential oils to start experimenting with adding to your dishes, try these:.
Basil: for a variety of dishes..
Bergamot: for teas [try mixing with honey].
Cilantro: for a variety of dishes..
Cinnamon: for baking..
Ginger: for a variety of dishes and teas..
Lavender: for desserts and beverages..
What are the benefits of cooking with essential oils?
What are the benefits of cooking with essential oils?.
Essential oils such as garlic, thyme, rosemary, oregano and basil are said to help control bacterial growth on food products..
Many essential oils, including lavender and lime, may help control fungal infections in food products..
How do I know if my essential oil is food grade?
Your best bet is to check the FDA's list of essential oils that are generally recognized as safe [GRAS]. These substances have been shown to be safe when used as food additives, per the FDA.