A dihybrid cross will result in what offspring ratio
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Understanding: • Unlinked genes segregate independently as a result of meiosis
Inheritance of a Single Gene versus Two Unlinked Genes Application: • Completion and analysis of Punnett squares for dihybrid traits
How to Complete a Dihybrid Cross The inheritance of dihybrid traits can be calculated according to the following steps: Step 1: Designate characters to represent the alleles
Step 5: Write out the phenotype ratios of potential offspring
Example of a Typical Dihybrid Cross Skill: • Calculation of the predicted genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes
Before Mendel, it had not yet been established that heritable traits were controlled by discrete factors. Therefore an important question was whether distinct traits were controlled by separate factors that were inherited
independently of one another. To answer this, Mendel took two apparently unrelated traits, such as seed shape and seed color, and studied their inheritance together in one individual. He studied two variants of each trait: seed color was either green or yellow, and seed shape was either round or wrinkled. When either of these traits was studied individually, the phenotypes segregated in the classical 3:1 ratio among the progeny of a monohybrid cross, with ¾ of the seeds green and ¼ yellow in one
cross, and ¾ round and ¼ wrinkled in the other cross. Would this be true when both were in the same individual? To analyze the segregation of both traits at the same time in the same individual, Mendel crossed a pure breeding line of green, wrinkled peas with a pure breeding line of yellow, round peas to produce F1 progeny that were all green and round, and which were also
dihybrids; they carried two alleles at each of two loci. If the alleles for the two genes for pea shape and pea color cannot be separated from each other, then in the F2 generation, the offspring should be only green, round pea plants or yellow, wrinkled plants, like the P generation plants. If the genes controlling shape and color can be inherited independently, then what is the probability of phenotypes in the F2 generation? Using the product rule,
we can multiply the individual probabilities of obtaining a round phenotype (¾) with the probability of obtaining a yellow phenotype (¾), then ¾ × ¾ = 9/16 of the progeny would be both round and green. Likewise, ¾ × ¼ = 3/16 of the progeny would be both round and yellow, and so on. By applying the product rule to all combinations of phenotypes, we can predict a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio among the progeny of a dihybrid cross, if certain conditions are met, including the
independent segregation of the alleles at each locus. Definition: Product Rule The probability of two or more independent events occurring is the product obtained by multiplying the probabilities of the individual events. If you can use the word "and" to describe the occurrence of the events, then you can usually use the product rule. For example, the probability of an organism with phenotype 1 and phenotype 2 is the product of the probability of phenotype 1 times the probability of
phenotype 2. The dihybrid crosses that Mendel performed consistently revealed the 9:3:3:1 ratio in dihybrid crosses, leading him to conclude that the factors controlling the traits are inherited independent of one another, a rule commonly known as the Law of Independent Assortment. Importantly, the F2 generation includes two phenotype classes (in this example, round, green peas and yellow, wrinkled peas) that are new combinations of phenotypes, distinct from the parental
generation plants. Thus, independent assortment contribute to genetic diversity. Definition: Mendel's Second Law The Law of Independent Assortment states that two loci assort independentlyof each other during gamete formation. Table\(\PageIndex{1}\): Phenotypic classes expected in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses for two seed traits in pea. Frequency of phenotypic crosses within separate monohybrid crosses: seed shape: ¾ round ¼ wrinkled seed color: ¾ yellow ¼ green Frequency of phenotypic crosses within a dihybrid cross: ¾ round × ¾ yellow = 9/16 round & yellow ¾ round
× ¼ green = 3/16 round & green ¼ wrinkled × ¾ yellow = 3/16 wrinkled & yellow ¼ wrinkled × ¼ green = 1/16 wrinkled & green The 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio calculated using the product rule can also be obtained using Punnett Square. First, we list the genotypes of the possible gametes along each axis of the Punnett Square. In a diploid with two heterozygous genes of interest, there are up to four combinations of alleles in the gametes of each parent. The gametes from the respective rows and column are then combined in the each cell of the array. When working with two loci,
genotypes are written with the symbols for both alleles of one locus, followed by both alleles of the next locus (e.g. AaBb, not ABab). Note that the order in which the loci are written does not imply anything about the actual position of the loci on the chromosomes. To calculate the expected phenotypic ratios, we assign a phenotype to each of the 16 genotypes in the Punnett Square, based on our knowledge of the alleles and their dominance relationships. In the case of Mendel’s seeds, any genotype with at least one R allele and
one Y allele will be round and yellow; these genotypes are shown in the nine, green-shaded cells. We can represent all of four of the different genotypes shown in these cells with the notation (R_Y_), where the blank line (__), means “any allele”. The three offspring that have at least one R allele and are homozygous recessive for y (i.e. R_yy) will have a round, green phenotype. Conversely the three progeny that are homozygous recessive r, but have
at least one Y allele (rrY_) will have wrinkled, yellow seeds. Finally, the rarest phenotypic class of wrinkled, yellow seeds is produced by the doubly homozygous recessive genotype, rryy, which is expected to occur in only one of the sixteen possible offspring represented in the square. Video \(\PageIndex{1}\): Watch the video to see how to set up and complete a dihybrid Punnett Square. Assumptions of the 9:3:3:1 ratioBoth the product rule and the Punnett Square approaches showed that a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is expected among the progeny of a dihybrid cross such as Mendel’s RrYy × RrYy. In making these calculations, we assumed that:
Deviations from the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio may indicate that one or more of the above conditions has not been met. Modified ratios in the progeny of a dihybrid cross can therefore reveal useful information about the genes involved. Applying the product ruleMendel's conclusions about the segregation of alleles and independent of assortment of genes continue to hold true for inheritance in diploid organisms, in which meiosis produces gametes that have one copy of thousands genes - not just one or two. However, making a Punnett Square for more than two genes becomes tricky and cumbersome. The Product Rule can be used to predict outcomes when considering more than two genes at a time. Find the probability of each genotype or phenotype and multiple each probability. Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\) If two organisms with genotype GgHhJi are crossed, what percent of offspring are expected to be homozygous dominant for all three genes? Hint: GG and HH and JJ Answer(Probability GG: 1/4) x (Probability HH: 1/4) x (Probability JJ: 1/4) = 1/64 Contributors and Attributions
What are the ratios of offspring in a dihybrid cross?Mendel observed that the F2 progeny of his dihybrid cross had a 9:3:3:1 ratio and produced nine plants with round, yellow seeds, three plants with round, green seeds, three plants with wrinkled, yellow seeds and one plant with wrinkled, green seeds.
What are the results of a dihybrid cross?In a dihybrid cross, the parents carry different pair of alleles for each trait. One parent carries homozygous dominant allele, while the other one carries homozygous recessive allele. The offsprings produced after the crosses in the F1 generation are all heterozygous for specific traits.
What is true of the offspring of a dihybrid cross?The offspring, or F1 generation, produced from the genetic cross of such individuals are all heterozygous for the specific traits being studied. This means that all of the F1 individuals possess a hybrid genotype and express the dominant phenotypes for each trait.
What cross will result in 1 2 1 genotype ratio in the offspring?A cross of two F1 hybrids, heterozygous for a single trait that displays incomplete dominance is predicted to give a 1:2:1 ratio among both the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
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