Citation: Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. [1988]. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54[6], 1063. PMID or DOI: DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 Main positive psychological well-being construct measured: Positive affect Sub-constructs
measured: N/A Available subscales: Positive and negative affect Description: The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule [PANAS] is a self-report measure that is made up of two mood scales, one measuring positive affect and the other measuring negative affect. Number of items: 10-items measuring positive affect, 10-items measuring negative affect Example of statement/item measuring positive affect: “Indicate to
what extent you feel enthusiastic at the present moment or within the past week” Example of statement/item measuring negative affect: “Indicate to what extent you feel distressed at the present moment or within the past week” Response options: 5-point Likert Scale ranging from 1 “very slightly or not at all” to 5 “extremely”. Total score: Positive affect score: items are summed, yielding a range from 10 to 50. Higher
score indicates greater levels of positive affect. Other forms available [and related citation]: Examples of studies:
A] Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – Expanded Form [PANAS-X] [Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. [1994]. The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form.]
1. Mroczek, D.K., et al., Emotional reactivity and mortality: Longitudinal findings from the VA Normative Aging Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc
Sci, 2013. 70[3]: p. 398-406.
2. Simons, J.S., T.A. Wills, and D.J. Neal, The many faces of affect: A multilevel model of drinking frequency/quantity and alcohol dependence symptoms among young adults. J Abnorm Psychol, 2014. 123[3]: Boylan, J.M. & Ryff, C.D., Psychological well-being and metabolic syndrome: Findings from the midlife in the United States national sample. Psychosom Med, 2015. 77[5]: p. 548-58.
3. Stellar, J.E., et al., Positive affect and markers of inflammation:
Discrete positive emotions predict lower levels of inflammatory cytokines. Emotion, 2015. 15[2]: p. 129-33.
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Description
The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form [PANAS X] is a 60-item scale used to measure the respondent’s emotions during the past few weeks.
Specific InstructionsThe Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form [PANAS X] scale and scoring are available on the University of Iowa’s Department of Psychology website. The scale is copyrighted by Dr. David Watson and Dr. Lee Anna Clark. Permission to reproduce the instrument is granted for noncommercial applications only; any commercial use would require the express written permission of the copyright holders.
Dr. Watson and Dr. Clark are professors in the Department of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame.
ProtocolThe PANAS-X scale includes 60 items that are grouped into the following four subgroups and subscales: general dimension scales [negative affect, positive affect], basic negative emotion scales [fear, hostility, guilt, sadness], basic positive emotion scales [joviality, self-assurance, attentiveness], and other affective states [shyness, fatigue, serenity, surprise].
The respondent is asked to read several words and phrases which describe feelings and emotions and enter a number that corresponds to the value on a scale. The 5-item scale ranges from "very slightly or not at all," with a value of 1, to "extremely," with a value of 5.
AvailabilityAvailable
Personnel and Training Required
None
None
RequirementsMajor equipment | No |
Specialized training | No |
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Self-administered questionnaire
LifestageAdult
ParticipantsAges 18 years and older
Selection Rationale
The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule [PANAS] and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form [PANAS-X] are well-known and commonly used psychometric measures. Internal consistency is high for both the positive and negative scales [Cronbach’s alpha is between 0.83 and 0.90].
LanguageEnglish
StandardscaDSR Common Data Elements [CDE] | Adult Emotional State Assessment Score | 3163014 | CDE Browser |
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes [LOINC] | Emotional state - adult proto | 62923-8 | LOINC |
Human Phenotype Ontology | Abnormal emotion/affect behavior | HP:0100851 | HPO |
None
Process and ReviewExpert Review Panel 4 [ERP 4] reviewed the measures in the Neurology, Psychiatric, and Psychosocial domains.
Guidance from ERP 4 included the following:
· No changes
Protocol Name from Source
The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form [PANAS-X]
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. [1999]. The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa. //www2.psychology.uiowa.edu/Faculty/Clark/PANAS-X.pdf
General ReferencesWatson, D., & Naragon-Gainey, K. [2010]. On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 839-848.
Protocol ID
180501
VariablesExport Variables
PX180501_Active | |||
PX180501030000 | active | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Afraid | |||
PX180501100000 | afraid | N/A | |
PX180501_Alert | |||
PX180501380000 | alert | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Alone | |||
PX180501340000 | alone | N/A | |
PX180501_Amazed | |||
PX180501180000 | amazed | N/A | |
PX180501_Angry | |||
PX180501460000 | angry | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Angry_At_Self | |||
PX180501040000 | angry at self | N/A | |
PX180501_Ashamed | |||
PX180501470000 | ashamed | N/A | |
PX180501_Astonished | |||
PX180501360000 | proud | N/A | |
PX180501_Attentive | |||
PX180501090000 | attentive | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_At_Ease | |||
PX180501510000 | at ease | N/A | |
PX180501_Bashful | |||
PX180501130000 | bashful | N/A | |
PX180501_Blameworthy | |||
PX180501240000 | blameworthy | N/A | |
PX180501_Blue | |||
PX180501540000 | blue | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Bold | |||
PX180501500000 | bold | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Calm | |||
PX180501060000 | calm | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Cheerful | |||
PX180501010000 | cheerful | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Concentrating | |||
PX180501560000 | concentrating | N/A | |
PX180501_Confident | |||
PX180501480000 | confident | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Daring | |||
PX180501210000 | daring | N/A | |
PX180501_Delighted | |||
PX180501450000 | delighted | N/A | |
PX180501_Determined | |||
PX180501280000 | determined | N/A | |
PX180501_Disgusted | |||
PX180501570000 | disgusted | N/A | |
PX180501_Disgusted_With_Self | |||
PX180501050000 | disgusted with self | N/A | |
PX180501_Dissatisfied_With_Self | |||
PX180501600000 | Dissatisfied with self | N/A | |
PX180501_Distressed | |||
PX180501200000 | distressed | N/A | |
PX180501_Downhearted | |||
PX180501120000 | Downhearted | N/A | |
PX180501_Drowsy | |||
PX180501590000 | drowsy | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Energetic | |||
PX180501520000 | energetic | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Enthusiastic | |||
PX180501080000 | Enthusiastic | N/A | |
PX180501_Excited | |||
PX180501270000 | excited | N/A | |
PX180501_Fearless | |||
PX180501530000 | fearless | N/A | |
PX180501_Frightened | |||
PX180501320000 | frightened | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Guilty | |||
PX180501070000 | guilty | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Happy | |||
PX180501260000 | happy | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Hostile | |||
PX180501310000 | hostile | N/A | |
PX180501_Inspired | |||
PX180501490000 | inspired | N/A | |
PX180501_Interested | |||
PX180501400000 | interested | N/A | |
PX180501_Irritable | |||
PX180501410000 | irritable | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Jittery | |||
PX180501390000 | jittery | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Joyful | |||
PX180501110000 | joyful | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Lively | |||
PX180501430000 | lively | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Loathing | |||
PX180501440000 | loathing | N/A | |
PX180501_Lonely | |||
PX180501190000 | lonely | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Nervous | |||
PX180501150000 | nervous | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Proud | |||
PX180501350000 | proud | N/A | |
PX180501_Relaxed | |||
PX180501370000 | relaxed | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Sad | |||
PX180501020000 | sad | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Scared | |||
PX180501550000 | scared | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Scornful | |||
PX180501330000 | scornful | N/A | |
PX180501_Shaky | |||
PX180501220000 | shaky | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Sheepish | |||
PX180501160000 | sheepish | N/A | |
PX180501_Shy | |||
PX180501580000 | shy | N/A | |
PX180501_Sleepy | |||
PX180501230000 | sleepy | N/A | |
PX180501_Sluggish | |||
PX180501170000 | sluggish | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Strong | |||
PX180501290000 | strong | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Surprised | |||
PX180501250000 | surprised | N/A | |
PX180501_Timid | |||
PX180501300000 | timid | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Tired | |||
PX180501140000 | tired | Variable Mapping | |
PX180501_Upset | |||
PX180501420000 | upset | Variable Mapping |
Psychosocial
Measure NameEmotional State
Release DateDecember 13, 2010
DefinitionThis measure assesses positive and negative aspects of a person’s mood.
PurposeThe Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule [PANAS] measures the two broadest dimensions of emotional state [positive and negative affect]. PANAS also includes subscales used to measure more specific emotions within these broad groupings. Positive affect and negative affect have been associated with mental health problems such as depression and anxiety.
KeywordsMood, feelings, emotions, anxiety, depression, stress, proprietary
Measure Protocols180501 | Emotional State - Adult |
180502 | Emotional State - Child |