What changed the relationship between Great Britain and the American colonies after 1763?
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Download this lesson GRADE LEVELUpper Elementary, Middle, High School STANDARDS AND SKILLSVS.4, VS.5, US1.5, US1.6, VUS.4, VUS.5 Demonstrating Comprehension; Comparing and Contrasting; Determining Cause and Effect; Using Information Sources; Organizing Information; Questioning and Critical Thinking Skills This lesson also meets national standards for social studies. LESSON OVERVIEW Objective: Students will create a broadside representing the views of the colonists in reaction to the actions of the British following the French and Indian War. Essential question: How did relations between Britain and the colonies change after the French and Indian War? MATERIALS AND PREPARATIONFeatured Sources Source A: Join or Die political cartoon Source B: Proclamation Line of 1763 Map Source C: Mitchell Map, 1755 Source D: The Pennsylvania journal and weekly advertiser -expiring: in hopes of a resurrection to life again Source E: [Masthead and part of front page of The Massachusetts spy, or, Thomas’s Boston journal showing a female figure of Liberty in upper left and rattlesnake labeled “Join or Die” symbolizing the 13 colonies, challenging a griffin, across the top] Additional Materials What is a broadside? What was the Stamp Act? Essay What were the Currency Act and the Sugar Act? Essay Why was the Tea Act of 1773 so important? Essay Modern map of United States Primary Source Analysis Sheet PROCEDUREStep 1: Have students look at original Join or Die cartoon. Ask students to make educated guesses about the image, and lead a class discussion. During the discussion share the following information: The cartoon was created by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 and published in his newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette. At the time, the colonists were fiercely debating whether or not to expand west of the Appalachian Mountains to fight the French and their Indian allies. During Franklin’s era, there was a myth that a severed snake would come back to life if the pieces were put together before sunset The cartoon depicts the early American colonies as a snake divided into eight segments. Toward the head of the snake, “NE” represents New England, followed by “NY” (New York), “NJ” (New Jersey), “P” (Pennsylvania), “M” (Maryland), “V” (Virginia), “NC” (North Carolina) and “SC” (South Carolina). Even though there were four “New England” colonies, Franklin lumped them into one category to stress the need for colonial unity. Georgia is not represented for an unknown reason. Step 2: Have students examine the Mitchell map. Students should compare borders of states with modern state lines. Next, have students examine the Proclamation map. What is the impact of the proclamation of 1763? What is the expected reaction? What impact might this have on the relationship between Britain and the colonies? (Possible extension activity: the Mitchell map is available in several pieces. For kinetic learners, consider having students work in groups where each group has one piece of the map. Each group should interpret their piece, and then the class should work together to put together the map before comparing state lines and the impact of the proclamation.) Step 3: Give students primary source analysis sheets, and the essays on colonial taxes. Divide students into small teams. After reading about the colonial taxes, have students interpret the Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser. As a class, discuss the primary source and determine the story behind it and it’s significance. How does it relate to the supporting question? Step 4: Project the masthead. Have students compare with the original cartoon from 20 years prior. What has changed? What do these changes tell us about the relationship between the colonists and Britain? ASSESSMENTHave students read the brief essay “What is a Broadside?” Students will create a broadside representing the views of the colonists in reaction to the actions of the British following the French and Indian War. Extension Activity — #Hashtag: Poor Richard on Twitter Create a Twitter feed for Benjamin Franklin. Choose one of these events and imagine Franklin’s response if he had access to today’s social media. Students should be creative and remember Franklin’s sense of humor.
Proclamation Line of 1763, Quebec Act of 1774 and Westward ExpansionThe British won vast territory in North America after the Seven Years’ War, but with the land came numerous problems of how to govern it. Conflicts arose from the inability of British officials to balance the interests of colonists and Indians, which led to colonial dissatisfaction with imperial rule and, ultimately, to the causes of the American Revolution. The Proclamation Line of 1763—between the red colored colonies and the pink territories The Treaty of Paris of 1763 that ended the Seven Years’ War provided Great Britain with enormous territorial gains. Under the treaty, Canada and the entire present-day United States east of the Mississippi came under British control. With the official end of the war, Anglo-American colonists began to pour over the Appalachian Mountains in search of land. As the native population had made no land cessions, many of these settlers had no official claim to the land. In many cases, the land was claimed by private land companies, in which the Virginia elite had invested heavily in an attempt to diversify their holdings outside of the volatile tobacco market. Thus, they had an interest in pressing the British Government to address ensuing tensions. The settlement of the lands west of the Appalachians brought inevitable tension and conflict between settlers and indigenous peoples. British military officials attempted to halt settlement, but eager settlers and land speculators ignored their directives. With the military unwilling to forcibly remove settlers from the lands, Anglo-American colonists continued to migrate west and lay claim these lands. British officials made the situation worse by alienating American Indians who had been allied with France during the Seven Years’ War. The French Government had devoted significant resources to furnishing gifts to their Indian allies. When British forces arrived to take over former French forts, they halted the gift-giving practice, not realizing that doing so undercut the authority of any pro-British leaders within indigenous communities and antagonized the Indian leaders. In response to British actions and western settlement, the leader of the Ottawa tribe, Pontiac, sent messages encoded in wampum belts to other communities throughout the present-day Midwest to coordinate an attack on British forts. Unaware of the depth of Indian anger and resentment, British forces were caught largely by surprise and lost all their western forts except for Fort Pitt and Detroit, where British military officials were tipped off and, therefore, able to prevent seizure. When news of the rebellion reached London, the government decided to put into action a plan for creating a western Indian reserve, and produced the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which forbid colonial settlement beyond the line of the Appalachian Mountains. The act also created the provinces of Quebec, West Florida, and East Florida. The proclamation was largely ineffective in preventing western settlement, and served only to anger both settlers and the political elite who had invested in western land speculation. War with the Indian tribes continued from 1764 into 1766. British officials managed to negotiate peace with the Senecas in the Niagara region and with Indians in the upper Ohio River valley, and, in 1766, Pontiac agreed to a formal treaty signed at Fort Ontario on July 25. Pontiac’s War is diplomatically significant because it was the first war between European settlers and American Indians where Indians had united broadly across tribal lines. After the end of Pontiac’s rebellion, regulation of the western frontier was not significantly altered until Parliament passed the Quebec Act of 1774. With this piece of legislation, the British intended to preempt any dissatisfaction among the French Canadian population by restoring French civil law and allowing Catholics to hold office. It also imposed direct crown rule on Quebec and extended Quebec’s borders south to the Ohio River. The Quebec Act angered the Virginia elite, since most of the western lands they claimed were now officially part of Quebec or in the Indian reserve. The act, which Parliament passed at the same time as legislation placing Massachusetts under crown control, also fueled resentment among Calvinist New Englanders, who saw in its autocratic, pro-Catholic provisions further evidence of an imperial conspiracy against colonial liberties. When the American Revolution began in 1774, tensions between settlers and Indians became a part of the conflict. The Continental Congress’s attempts to secure Indian alliances largely failed, as most Indians saw the British military as the lesser of two evils in their struggle against settlers’ encroachments upon their land. However, the Oneida and Tuscarora Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy did side with the colonists. The ultimate effect of British frontier policy was to unite frontiersmen, Virginia land speculators, and New Englanders against unpopular British policies. These groups, angered by British taxation policies, forged revolutionary alliances with other colonists. What was the relationship between Great Britain and the American colonies?They were tied to Britain through trade and by the way they were governed. Trade was restricted so the colonies had to rely on Britain for imported goods and supplies. There were no banks and very little money, so colonists used barter and credit to get the things they needed.
What caused Britain's relationship to change with its American colonies?From 1754 to 1763, the French and Indian War took place. This war altered the political, economic, and ideological relations between Britain and its American colonies.
What was the event in America in 1763 that caused Great Britain to change its policies in America?In response to Pontiac's Rebellion, a revolt of Native Americans led by Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, King George III declared all lands west of the Appalachian Divide off-limits to colonial settlers. This royal proclamation, issued on October 7, 1763, closed down colonial expansion westward beyond Appalachia.
What was the relationship between Britain and the colonies before 1763?Relations with Britain were amiable, and the colonies relied on British trade for economic success and on British protection from other nations with interests in North America. In 1756, the French and Indian War broke out between the two dominant powers in North America: Britain and France.
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