Is an investment made by a company or individual who us an entity in one country in the form of controlling ownership in business interests in another country?
There is as yet no general legislation in the Netherlands as concerns foreign investment control. However, given the potentially retroactive application of the proposed new rules as of 8 September 2020, it is advisable already to be aware and to take account of the draft legislation. Show
Furtermore, the sector specific regulations for the Gas, Electricity and Telecommunications sectors described separately below are already applicable. These regulations are also perceived as FDI-regimes given their aim of protecting the continuity of vital processes in the Netherlands. Proposed general FDI-regime The Dutch government first presented a draft 'Economic and National Security Review Act' on 8 September 2020. Following criticism from the Dutch Council of State, the government published a revised proposal for legislation entitled: 'Security Review Investments, Mergers and Acquisitions Act' (Wet veiligheidstoets investeringen, fusies en overnames). No implementation date is envisaged at this stage. However, the current proposal provides that the Act will apply retroactively from 8 September 2020. The draft Act covers all mergers, acquisitions and other investments resulting in a change of control or significant influence over companies based in the Netherlands – meaning that actual economic activities are conducted in the Netherlands – which are considered vital to Dutch national security. The Act will apply to all investors, irrespective of their nationality. The aim is to prevent the use of legal structures to circumvent filing obligations. The concept of "control" follows the definition under EU and Dutch competition law and can include the creation of a joint venture or the acquisition of certain assets of a company. The concept of significant influence is only relevant in relation to companies active in sensitive technologies. An interest of 10% or more and/or the ability to appoint or dismiss one or more board members are considered significant influence. Further clarification on the concept of significant influence is expected by means of governmental decree. Vital processes and sensitive technologies Companies which are vital to Dutch national security are suppliers of vital infrastructure and processes and sensitive technologies:
Notification procedure Parties are required to notify investments meeting the above conditions to the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy. In practice this means filing with the 'Investment Review Agency' (Bureau Toetsing Investeringen) which assesses the investments on behalf of the Minister. Similar to merger control, the procedure has two phases:
A stop the clock principle applies, meaning that if the Minister asks for additional information the decision period is suspended for the period until the prospective investor provides the required information. Furthermore, the decision period can be extended by an additional three months if sharing the notification with the European Commission and/or other Member States is required in accordance with the EU FDI Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/452). Assessment The Minister assesses whether the investment poses a risk to national security. National security refers to security interests that are essential for the democratic legal order, security, social stability or other important interests of the Dutch state. The Act explicitly notes the following interests:
In order to assess the risk of the investment to national security, particular attention is given to the following factors:
Further, specific investment related criteria might apply. These might include particular attention to the track record of the investor in the activities concerned, its financial stability and its motives for the investment. The reputation and potential influence of the investor's home state are likely to be of particular importance. Decision and possible remedies The Minister can decide to clear the investment unconditionally, impose remedies or even prohibit the investment. The Minister can only impose remedies or prohibit the investment if strictly necessary for the protection of national security. In case remedies are imposed, the Minister can appoint a third party to monitor compliance with those remedies. The Act provides a non-exhaustive list of possible remedies, which include:
Additionally, specific possible remedies are identified for sensitive technology companies, including:
Failure to notify A standstill obligation applies, as a consequence of which it is prohibited to implement the transaction before the Minister has either notified the investor that no review decision is required or has issued a positive review decision. Failure to notify the investment or violation of the standstill obligation can have several consequences:
In the event of a serious risk to national security, the Minister may reassess an investment within six months of becoming aware of a:
If the merger thresholds of the Dutch competition Act are met, notification to the ACM is also required in addition to the notification to the Minister. Sector specific regulations As further detailed below, the Gas, Electricity and Telecommunications sectors are subject to separate notification requirements which are also perceived as FDI-regimes given their aim of protecting the continuity of vital processes in the Netherlands. Even though in principle the requirements apply to all investors, they are of particular relevance to foreign investors. Dutch law does not contain any definition as regards foreign investors/investments and applies to all investors, irrespective of their nationality. This prevents investors from setting up an artificial legal structure to circumvent filing obligations. However, the nationality or (security situation in) the country or region of residence of an investor can play a role in the substantive assessment of a transaction. Electricity production Article 86f of the Electricity Act 1998 requires parties to any transaction involving a production installation with a nominal electric capacity of more than 250 MW (megawatt) or an undertaking that manages such production installation to notify the transaction to the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, at least four months before the proposed change of control. The Minister may prohibit or impose regulations in respect of such a change of control on the grounds of public security or security of supply. Legal acts performed in violation of the notification obligation can be annulled by a court decision. LNG installations Article 66e of the Gas Act requires parties to any transaction regarding an LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) installation or an LNG company to notify the transaction to the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, at least four months before the proposed change of control. The Minister may prohibit or impose regulations in respect of such a change of control on the grounds of public security or security of supply. Legal acts performed in violation of the notification obligation can be annulled by a court decision. Telecommunications The Dutch Telecommunications Act provides that acquisitions of "predominant control" leading to relevant influence in the telecommunications sector must be notified to the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy. Notification is required if one of the requirements for “predominant control” below is fulfilled and one of the listed characteristics of “relevant influence” is present. Predominant control arises if, after the acquisition, the holder or acquirer of such control:
Relevant influence in the telecommunications sector exists when abuse or deliberate failure of the telecommunications party, and any other telecommunication party in which the holder or acquirer (or its group) holds or acquires predominant control, could lead to:
The concept of relevant influence has been elaborated on in the Decree on undesirable control in telecommunications (Besluit ongewenste zeggenschap telecommunicatie). Notification must be filed at least eight weeks before the intended implementation date. In case of a public offer for a listed telecommunications party, the notification should be made at the latest simultaneously with the announcement of the public offer. The Minister will decide within eight weeks of receipt of the notification. If further investigation is required, the Minister may extend the term by a further six months. The term is suspended with effect from the day on which the Minister requests additional information until the day on which the requested information is provided. The Minister may prohibit or impose regulations in respect of an acquisition of predominant control on the grounds that it could lead to a "threat to the public interest". Such a risk is considered to exist if the investor is a persona non grata or (connected to) a state that can reasonably be expected to use its influence to the detriment of the public interest. Investors that are unwilling to cooperate or whose identity cannot be established may also be considered a threat to the public interest. A transfer of predominant control without prior notification and approval is void, unless it is made through a stock exchange. The Minister may also impose a fine of up to EUR 900,000 in case of late notification or a failure to notify at all. In all cases, if the merger control thresholds of the Dutch Competition Act are met, notification to the ACM is required in addition to the notification to the Minister. Is an investment made by an individual or a company located in one country to the business interest located in another foreign country?A foreign direct investment (FDI) is a purchase of an interest in a company by a company or an investor located outside its borders.
Is an investment made by a company or entity based in one country into a company or entity based in another country?Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when a company takes controlling ownership in a business entity in another country.
What is it called when a company invests in a country?Foreign investment refers to the investment in domestic companies and assets of another country by a foreign investor. Large multinational corporations will seek new opportunities for economic growth by opening branches and expanding their investments in other countries.
What do you call an investment where a company or individual from one nation invest in assets or ownership stakes of a company based in another nation?Lesson Summary
Foreign investment is when a company or individual from one nation invests in assets or ownership stakes of a company from a different nation. These investments are either direct or indirect investments. Direct investments are physical investments in equipment, buildings, and factories.
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