Owner capital là gì

Definition: Owner’s Capital, also called owner’s equity, is the equity account that shows the owners’ stake in the business. In other words, this account shows the how much of the company assets are owned by the owners instead of creditors. Typically, the owner’s capital account is only used for sole proprietorships. Partnerships call their capital accounts members’ capital and corporate owners report their ownership in the common stock and retained earnings accounts. Some people due use the term owner’s capital as a generic owner’s equity account though.

What Does Owners’ Capital Mean?

Basically, the owner’s capital account represents the net assets of the company. It’s the amount of money left over after the company sells all of its assets and pays off all of its creditors. This remaining amount of money is what the owner actually owns.

Its balance is computed in much the same way that retained earnings is calculated for corporations. The ending owner’s capital account equals the beginning balance minus any withdrawals, plus contributions, plus or minus any net income or loss for the period. This formula is recalculated at the end of each year to find the balance at the end of the accounting period.

The owner’s capital account is important for financial accounting as well as tax accounting. Financial accounting tracks the balance in the capital account to calculate how much money the owner can withdrawal during a year and how much equity he or she has to borrow against. Tax accounting is more concerned with the taxation of owner’s basis in the capital account.

If an owner withdrawals more from his capital account than his basis in the account, the excess withdrawals are taxed at different levels. This is generally more of a concern with partnerships, but sole proprietors still have to watch out for tax implications.

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Owners Capital Definition

The money business owners (if it is a sole proprietorship or partnership) or shareholders (if it is a corporation) have invested in their businesses. Owners Capital is also referred to as Shareholders Equity. In other words, it represents the portion of the total assets funded by the owners/shareholders’ money.

Owners Capital Formula

It can be calculated as follows:

Owners Capital Formula = Total Assets – Total Liabilities

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For eg:
Source: Owners Capital (wallstreetmojo.com)

For example, XYZ Inc. has total assetsTotal Assets is the sum of a company's current and noncurrent assets. Total assets also equals to the sum of total liabilities and total shareholder funds. Total Assets = Liabilities + Shareholder Equityread more of $50m and total liabilities of $30m as of 31st December 2018. Then Owners Capital is $20m (Assets of $50m fewer Liabilities of $30m) as of 31st December 2018. It can be interpreted from above that assets of $20m are funded by the Owners/ Shareholders of the business. The remaining $30m has been funded through externally sourced funds (i.e., loans from banks, issuance of bonds, etc.)

Components of Owners Capital

#1 – Common Stock

Common Stock is the amount of capital contributed by the company’s common shareholders. It is shown at the par value on the Balance Sheet.

#2 – Additional Paid-In Capital

Additional Paid-In CapitalAdditional paid-in capital or capital surplus is the company's excess amount received over and above the par value of shares from the investors during an IPO. It is the profit a company gets when it issues the stock for the first time in the open market.read more refers to the amount over and above the stated par value of the stock that the shareholders have paid to acquire the company shares.

Additional Paid-In Capital = (Issue Price- Par Value) x Number of Shares Issued.

Let’s assume that as of 31st December 2018, XYZ Company issued a total number of common shares of 10,000,000, having a par value of $1 per share. Further, assume that common shareholders paid $10 each to acquire all the company shares. In this case, additional paid-in capital would be reported at $90m (($10-$1) x 10,000,000)) under shareholder’s equity in the Balance Sheet.

#3 – Retained Earnings

Retained EarningsRetained Earnings are defined as the cumulative earnings earned by the company till the date after adjusting for the distribution of the dividend or the other distributions to the investors of the company. It is shown as the part of owner’s equity in the liability side of the balance sheet of the company.read more are the portion of net income available for common shareholders that have not been distributed as dividends. The company retains these for future investments and growth. Considering that the amount retained by the company belongs to its common shareholders, this is shown under shareholders equityShareholder’s equity is the residual interest of the shareholders in the company and is calculated as the difference between Assets and Liabilities. The Shareholders' Equity Statement on the balance sheet details the change in the value of shareholder's equity from the beginning to the end of an accounting period.read more in the balance sheet. It increases when the company makes profits and decreases when a company makes losses.

For example, if the company earned a net income (after paying preferred dividendsPreferred dividends refer to the amount of dividends payable on preferred stock from profits earned by the company, and preferred stockholders have priority in receiving such dividends over common stockholders.read more) of $5m for the financial year ending 2018 and distributed $2m as dividends to its common shareholders. It means that the company’s management has decided to retain $3m in the company for its future growth and investments.

#4 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/ (loss)

These are some income/expenses that are not reflected in the income statementThe income statement is one of the company's financial reports that summarizes all of the company's revenues and expenses over time in order to determine the company's profit or loss and measure its business activity over time based on user requirements.read more. It is so because they are not earned incurred by the company but affect Shareholder’s equity Account during the period.

Here are some examples of items. Other Comprehensive IncomeOther comprehensive income refers to income, expenses, revenue, or loss not being realized while preparing the company's financial statements during an accounting period. Thus, it is excluded and shown after the net income.read more includes unrealized gains or lossesUnrealized Gains or Losses refer to the increase or decrease respectively in the paper value of the company's different assets, even when these assets are not yet sold. Once the assets are sold, the company realizes the gains or losses resulting from such disposal.read more on available for sale securities, actuarial gains or losses on defined benefit plansA Defined Benefit Plan (DBP) is an employer-funded pension scheme set up to pay a pre-established amount on retirement to employees. Under this arrangement, a company takes full responsibility for planning its employees’ retirement fund. This plan offers the twin advantage of greater tax deductions to the sponsor company and a guaranteed retirement income to its employees.read more, and foreign currency adjustments.

#5 – Treasury Stock

Treasury stockTreasury Stock is a stock repurchased by the issuance Company from its current shareholders that remains non-retired. Moreover, it is not considered while calculating the Company’s Earnings Per Share or dividends. read more is the stock that has been reacquired by the company from the shareholders and thus reduces the shareholder’s equity. It is shown as a negative number on the Balance Sheet. There can be two methods for accounting treasury stock, i.e., Cost and Par Value Method.

Examples of Owner’s Capital Calculation

Below are the examples.

Example #1

Say ABC Ltd. has total assets of $100,000 and total liabilities of $40,000. Calculate the Owner’s Capital.

Calculation of the Owner’s Capital

• =$100000-$40000
• =$60000

Example #2

Let’s see a practical application. Tom runs a grocery store. He started it on 1st Jan’2019 with his savings of $40,000 and a loan he took from his uncle for $20,000. He purchased a laptop for $1,000; furniture for $10,000; stock for $45,000 and balance $4,000 was kept in bank for day to day expenses. At the end of the year, i.e., 21st Dec’2019, his balance sheet stood as follows:

How did these figures get changed? Let’s understand; Tom must have sold his stock at prices higher than the purchase price. He must have incurred expenses like electricity, insurance, accounts, finance chargesThe finance charge, also known as the cost of borrowing or cost of credit, is the accrued interest or fees that have been charged on the approved credit facility. Usually, this charge is a flat fee, but most of the time it is a percentage of the amount borrowed on an extended line of credit.read more, etc. Also, he might have made some connections, so he was able to purchase some stock on credit. All these events led to cash inflow as well as cash outflow. The profit he made after all these are now added to the Owner’s Capital.

Now, if we calculate Owner’s Capital by using the Assets – Liabilities formula, then we get:

• =$71200 – $21200
• =$50000

Change in Owner’s Capital

• #1 – Profit/Loss: The owner’s capital changes yearly due to profit or loss arising in business. Profit increases the owner’s capital while losing decreases it.
• #2 – Buyback: Buyback means the repurchase of capital the company once issued for various reasons such as idle cash, boosting financial ratiosFinancial ratios are indications of a company's financial performance. There are several forms of financial ratios that indicate the company's results, financial risks, and operational efficiency, such as the liquidity ratio, asset turnover ratio, operating profitability ratios, business risk ratios, financial risk ratio, stability ratios, and so on.read more, etc. It results in a decrease in the owner’s capital. 
• #3 – Contribution: The owner’s capital increases when existing or new owners contribute. When new owners enter the business, they contribute to the ownership they will acquire.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Owner’s Capital

Given below are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the owner’s capital.

Advantages of the Owner’s Capital

• #1 – No burden of Repayment: Unlike debt capital, there is no repayment burden in the owner’s capital. It is thereby considered a permanent source of funds. It helps management to focus on its core objectives and flourish the business. Given below are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the owner’s capital.
• #2 – No Interference: When a business has Debt as a major source of funds, the chances of interference by lenders are high. It can become a hindrance to the growth of a business. While in the case of the owner’s capital, management has sole discretion in deciding whatever is good for the business.
• #3 – No Impact of Interest Rate: If a company is highly dependent on variable rate debt capital, an increase in interest rate can significantly impact its cash flowsCash Flow is the amount of cash or cash equivalent generated & consumed by a Company over a given period. It proves to be a prerequisite for analyzing the business’s strength, profitability, & scope for betterment. read more, while in the case of the owner’s capital, there is no impact of changes in interest rate.
• #4 – Easy Accessibility to Debt Capital When the company has enough owner’s capital, it is always easy to get additional debt capital as it shows that the company is strong and working independently.

Disadvantages

• #1 – Higher Cost: The cost of the owner’s capital is the return such capital could have earned in any other investment opportunity. A tangible assetTangible assets are assets with significant value and are available in physical form. It means any asset that can be touched and felt could be labeled a tangible one with a long-term valuation.read more usually secures Debt Capital. Since business always possesses risk, the expected return from such capital is higher than the debt capital.
• #2 – No Leverage Benefit: Interest expense comes with the benefit of a tax shield, which means a company can claim it as a business expenseBusiness expenses are those incurred in order to successfully run, operate, and maintain a business. Travel & conveyance, salaries, rent, entertainment, telephone and internet expenses are all examples of business expenses.read more. Like any other expense, it reduces the taxable profit. However, this tax saving is foregone in the case of the owner’s capital as the dividendDividends refer to the portion of business earnings paid to the shareholders as gratitude for investing in the company’s equity.read more doesn’t account for a business expense.
• #3 – Dilution: Raising the new owner’s capital dilutes the holding of existing owners. However, this doesn’t happen in the case of debt capital. Business can grow with the use of debt capital, and at the same time, the valuation of such a business doesn’t get diluted.

Conclusion

The owner’s Capital is a vital part of any business. It is the base upon which the whole company stands and grows. Business can be carried out with only the owner’s capital, debt, or a mix of equity and debt. An optimal mix of shareholders’ equity and debt is considered the best option for leverage benefits. However, the owner’s capital is highly appreciated when the cost of debt is higher than the return business provides.

Having a balanced owner’s capital shows that the company is secure and does not rely only on outsiders for its business.

Recommended Articles

This article has been a guide to Owners Capital and its definition. Here we discuss the formula to calculate the owner’s capital along with its components, examples, advantages, and disadvantages. You can learn more about finance from the following articles –

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