What is the purpose of both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the International Classification of Diseases?
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\) Show A second classification system, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), is also widely recognized. Published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the ICD was developed in Europe shortly after World War II and, like the DSM, has been revised several times. The categories of psychological disorders in both the DSM and ICD are similar, as are the criteria for specific disorders; however, some differences exist. Although the ICD is used for clinical purposes, this tool is also used to examine the general health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems internationally (WHO, 2019). The ICD is in its 11th edition (ICD-11); this latest edition was designed, in conjunction with the changes in DSM-5, to help harmonize the two classification systems as much as possible (APA, 2013). A study that compared the use of the two classification systems found that worldwide the ICD is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the DSM is more valued for research (Mezzich, 2002). Most research findings concerning the etiology and treatment of psychological disor- ders are based on criteria set forth in the DSM (Oltmanns & Castonguay, 2013). The DSM also includes more explicit disorder criteria, along with an extensive and helpful explanatory text (Regier et al., 2012). The DSM is the classification system of choice among U.S. mental health professionals, and this chapter is based on the DSM paradigm. The DSM is a reference handbook that most U.S. mental health professionals use to reach an accurate diagnosis. The latest version of the manual is the DSM-5-TR. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR) was released on March 18, 2022 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a formal classification of mental health disorders, featuring symptoms, diagnostic criteria, culture and gender-related features, and other important diagnostic information. The DSM does not include treatment guidelines. In other words, the DSM is a tool and reference guide for mental health clinicians to diagnose, classify, and identify mental health conditions. The DSM also includes “specifiers.” These are extensions to the formal diagnoses that specify one or more particular features, like onset or severity. A diagnosis can have one or more specifiers to make it more precise. In other words, because a mental health condition doesn’t always present itself in the same way, a DSM specifier can better describe particular scenarios. The DSM has had many revisions, to clarify, add, or remove mental health diagnoses according to the latest research and clinical consensus. It took more than 13 years to update and finalize the book’s fifth edition and about 10 years to release the current text revision. The DSM-5 was released in 2013 and the current version released in 2022 is the DSM-5-TR. The difference between a new edition and a text revision is that the first one is released when new research supports the need to create, remove, or significantly revise key aspects of existing diagnoses. A text revision, on the other hand, refers to editing the existing text to clarify some concepts, introduce inclusive language, or update statistics and references. Sometimes, like it’s the case with the DSM-5-TR, a new diagnosis might be introduced. The first edition of the DSM was published in 1952 following an increased need to classify and define mental conditions, especially in veterans returning home after World War II. The DSM was created to catalog mental health conditions similar to its counterpart, the International Classification of Disease (ICD). The ICD is published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and catalogs both physical and mental conditions. The DSM-II was released in 1968 and focused on broadening terms and definitions from the original DSM to diagnose mental health conditions better. The biggest shift in the history of the DSM came as a result of the DSM-III, published in 1980. This edition listed 265 categories — a big increase from 182 in the previous edition. This jump was due to an expansion of disorder subtypes, which allowed for more accurate classifications and options for a diagnosis. The DSM-III also saw the removal of “homosexuality” as a mental condition category. The DSM-III would later receive an update and be revised and renamed in 1987 as the DSM-III-R. The next edition, the DSM-IV, was published in 1994 and was created alongside the WHO’s International Classification of Disease, 10th edition. This aimed to decrease inconsistencies in terminology between the two manuals. The DSM-IV would see one final revision in 2000, named the DSM-IV-TR before the DSM-5 was released in 2013. The latest text revision of the DSM-5 was released in 2022. One of the biggest changes in the DSM-5 is the removal of the multiaxial assessment system to categorize diagnoses. This evaluation method was based on multiple factors, specifically five “axes”:
The system was removed and replaced with a streamlined diagnostic method that combines axes I, II, and III into 1. Additional changes in the DSM-5 include broadening the definitions to clarify certain conditions. For example, the diagnostic label autism spectrum disorder now comprises four previously separate conditions:
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR) is an edit of the DSM-5 that includes:
This is how the DSM-5-TR is indexed:
More than 200 mental health experts contributed to the DSM-5-TR. The DSM-5 offers an extensive list of conditions and symptoms that can aid mental health professionals in reaching accurate diagnoses. The latest version is the DSM-5-TR. The manual has come a long way since its first edition and now provides diagnostic criteria for 193 mental health conditions. The DSM is a living document that continues to change over time as we learn more about human cognition and behavior. What is the purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual?The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the handbook used by health care professionals in the United States and much of the world as the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders. DSM contains descriptions, symptoms and other criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.
What is the International Classification of Diseases used for?The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of mortality statistics. This includes providing a format for reporting causes of death on the death certificate.
Why are Diagnostic and classification systems important?A proper diagnosis is an essential element to guide proper and successful treatment. For these reasons, classification systems that organize psychological disorders systematically are necessary.
What is the relationship between the international classification of diseases and DSMThe ICD is produced by a global health agency with a constitutional public health mission, while the DSM is produced by a single national professional association. WHO's primary focus for the mental and behavioral disorders classification is to help countries to reduce the disease burden of mental disorders.
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